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原題目題號：DSE-練習卷-Essay-07(以香港作為例子)
討論香港於20世紀末在何等程度上不同於20世紀初。
經歷了一個世紀的演變，20世紀末的香港相比20世紀初時出現了翻天覆地的巨變，使香港變得截然不同。雖然與中國關係方面的變化不明顯，但在政治、經濟、社會等方面均可以明顯反映到有所不同，故大程度上兩段時期的情況是相異的。
政治方面，香港的民選成份大大提高，在20世紀末不同於20世紀初。於20世紀初，香港政府機構的民選成份十分低，立法局、行政局議員全由港督委任，完全沒有選舉成份。儘管市政局在1936年開始引入選舉制度，是香港首個有民選議員參與決策的機構，但民議成份也十分低，只有少數人可以獲選為議員，反映20世紀初香港的民選成份十分低。然而，隨著20世紀香港即將回歸中國，英國政府希望加強香港的民主成份，故積極開放選舉權。例如在地區方面，於1982年舉行首次區議會選舉，允許21歲或以上並同時在港住滿7年的香港永久性居民擁有投票權，登記選民人數接近90萬人。在中央方面，於1985年開始在立法局引入選舉，並於1995年將全數60個立法局議席改為由選舉產生，選舉成份大大提高。相比之下，就民選成份而言，20世紀初香港的民選成份十分低，至1930年代僅得市政局有投票權，但至20世紀末，選舉已經擴展至區議會、立法局，選民人數也大大增加，令到普遍成年人口均有投票權，可見兩段時間香港的選民成份有了翻天覆地的劇變。
政治方面，香港華人在政治上的參與在20世紀初和20世紀末也出現了截然不同的情況。20世紀初時，香港華人對於本地政治的參與程度十分低，當時香港主要官員均為外籍人士，只有極少數華人能夠晉身政府要職，例如1926年才有首名華人(周壽臣)進入行政局，成為首位行政局華人議員，反映了華人在香港政治的參與程度是十分低。然而，隨著香港即將回歸中國和「港人治港」原則的確立，華人對於本地政治的參與在20世紀末已經迥然不同。在立法局方面，至1995年的立法局選舉，大部分當選的立法局議員均為華人。在公務員方面，於1990年代開始有華人出任司級官員，例如陳方安生和曾蔭權分別先後於1993年及1995年出任布政司及財政司。至香港於1997年回歸後，華人董建華成為了首任香港特首，至於司級官員也全由華人出任。相比之下，在華人參與方面，20世紀初本地華人難以參與香港政治，只有極少數華人精英能夠進入行政、立法兩局，但至20世紀末，大部分香港主要官員及議員均由華人出任，與過往由外籍人士壟斷的情況明顯不同，可見存有極大的差異。
經濟方面，香港經濟由20世紀初的單一經濟轉變至20世紀末的多元經濟，差異極大。轉口貿易於20世紀上半葉是香港經濟發展的重心，香港負責轉口中國與外國的貨品，船隻進出香港的次數十分頻繁，單單1927年就錄得29,052艘船隻進出香港，船隻噸位總額更高達約3,700萬噸。相反，其他行業在香港的發展並不蓬勃，例如工業方面，本地生產製品直至1950年也僅佔出口額的10%，反映此時期香港的經濟是單一產業，以轉口貿易為主。然而，至20世紀末，隨著香港經歷了50-60年代的工業發展階段，加上後期再進一步發展金融業、服務業等，香港經濟轉型至多元經濟的模式。例如在金融業方面，香港被譽為「世界第三大金融中心」，僅次於紐約和倫敦；旅遊業方面，香港也有著「購物天堂」的美譽。同時，轉口貿易及工業仍然有一定的發展，例如香港機場的轉口額於20世紀末長期位列首三，發展十分蓬勃。相比之下，就經濟結構而言，20世紀初香港經濟過於單一化發展，集中於轉口貿易，其他行業並不蓬勃，但至20世紀末，香港經濟已經成功轉型至多元經濟模式，轉口貿易、金融業、旅遊業及工業等百花齊放，擺脫了20世紀初的單一模式，可見有明顯的差異。
社會方面，香港由20世紀初的文化沙漠轉變至20世紀末的文化之都，明顯不同。20世紀初，香港的文化發展落後，被稱為「文化沙漠」。由於當時本地經濟發展落後，大部分人口均為低下階層，多從事體力勞動工作，教育水平低，以致當時本地的文化創作貧乏，主要文化均受外來文化影響，例如中國的粵劇、西方的古典音樂等等。然而，隨著香港經濟及教育水平於二次大戰後逐步發展，加上大量中國的文化創作者因恐怖共產黨統治而逃到香港，令香港的文化發展如雨後春筍般滋長，使香港文化發展於20世紀末十分蓬勃。在音樂方面，香港的本地語言的廣東歌曲興起，例如《海闊天空》、《半斤八兩》等燴炙人口；在電影方面，香港電影是中文電影的先驅者，70年代的李小龍功夫電影、90年代的周星馳喜劇電視更加是風靡全球，各類型的文化均在香港鼎盛發展，是百花齊放的年代。相比之下，就文化發展而言，20世紀初香港的文化創作十分稀少，是文化沙漠，但至20世紀末，香港已經搖身一變成為文化發源地，本地創作十分豐盛，影響著鄰近地區的文化發展，可見兩段時期的香港有著明顯的差異。
從上可見，香港在政治、經濟、社會方面均有重大的轉變，但在與中國關係方面則分別不大。
對中國關係方面，香港於20世紀末與20世紀初均與中國保持緊密關係，沒有太大差別。20世紀初時，香港與中國關係已經十分密切。在政治方面，在辛亥革命結束前，香港是革命分子的基地，例如1895年孫中山就於香港成立興中會總部。在經濟方面，香港是中國與外國貿易的重要轉口港。此外，香港工人也受著中國政治因素影響，例如1922年香港的海員大罷工是受廣州政府支持而出現，反映香港與中國關係緊密。至20世紀末，中港關係同樣緊密。儘管在1950-70年代受著冷戰的影響，香港政府與中國減少了接觸。然而，隨著1978年中國改革開放及香港即將回歸中國，中港關係在20世紀再次緊密起來。在政治方面，香港於1997年回歸中國，正式成為中國的特別行政區，重回中國國土。經濟方面，香港大量工廠北移到中國內地，而且中國企業也會到香港上市集資，中港經濟往來十分頻繁且互相影響。相比之下，就中港關係而言，香港於20世紀初和20世紀末同樣與中國保持了十分緊密的關係，不論政治、經濟等等各方面均是互相影響，積極往來，故並未有出現太大的轉變，兩段時期的差異不大。
總括而言，雖然與中國的關係在兩段時期的變化不大，但香港在政治、經濟、社會等的內部情況已經出現天壤之別，判若兩地，使香港由一小小的轉口港變成為一國際城市，故大程度上是不同的。
Discuss to what extent the Hong Kong at the end of the 20th century Hong Kong differs from the start of the 20th century.
After a century of evolution, the late 20th century experienced a drastic change when comparing to the start of the 20th century, making Hong Kong completely different. Although there were limited changes regarding the relationship with China, there are significant changes in terms of political, economic and social. Hence, to a large extent, the two periods were different.
Politically, the elective element in Hong Kong was greatly enhanced, the end of the 20th century was different from the early 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the agencies of Hong Kong government had low elective element. All the members of the Legislative Council and Executive Council were appointed by the Governor. There was no election element at all. Although there was an introduction of the electoral system in the Urban Council市政局 since 1936 and being the first organization in Hong Kong to have elected members participating in the decision-making process, the representativeness was still very low. Only a handful of people could be elected as members of the Legislative Council. This reflected the low level of democracy in Hong Kong in the early 20th century. However, as the sovereignty of Hong Kong was about to return to China in the 20th century, the British government would like to strengthen Hong Kong's democracy and therefore the government actively facilitated the right to vote. For example, on regional basis, the first District Council區議會 election was held in 1982 to allow people aged 21 or older and having resided in HK for 7 years or more got right to vote. The number of registered voters was nearly 900,000. From the Central Government's point of view, the introduction of the election to the Legislative Council立法局 in 1985 and the complete replacement of 60 seats in the Legislative Council by elections in 1995 had greatly enhanced the composition of the election. In comparison, in terms of elective element, there was low elective element in the start of the 20th century. By the 1930s, only Urban Council had direct voting. By the end of the 20th century, direct election had been extended to District Councils and Legislative Council with an increase number of registered voters. This greatly increased participation of citizens in all levels of government. It shows that the electoral composition of Hong Kong had undergone drastic changes over time.
Politically, the political participation of Chinese in the councils were different in the early 20th century and the late 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Chinese status in the councils was low. At that time, the senior officials in Hong Kong were all foreigners. The government relied on small numbers of Chinese elites and associations to govern. For example, the first Chinese (Chou Shouchen周壽臣) entered the Executive Council in 1926, becoming the first Chinese Executive Council member. This reflects the low level of participation of Chinese in Hong Kong politics. However, with the imminent return of China to Hong Kong and the principle of "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong港人治港", the participation of Chinese in local politics was different at the end of the 20th century. In the Legislative Council立法局, most members elected in 1995 were Chinese. For civil servants, since the mid-1990s, Chinese started to take more important positions. For example, Anson Chan陳方安生 and Donald Tsang Yam-kuen曾蔭權 took over the posts as Chief Secretary and Financial Secretary respectively in 1993 and 1995. After Hong Kong returned to China in 1997, Tung Chee Hwa董建華 became the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. For secretary-level officials, all were Chinese at that time. In contrast, in terms of Chinese participation, it was difficult for local Chinese to participate in Hong Kong politics in the early 20th century. Only a handful of Chinese elites had access to the executive and the legislature. However, by the end of the 20th century, most of the Hong Kong's major officials and legislators were Chinese. This is obviously different from the situation that was dominated by foreigners in the past, showing a huge difference.
Economically, Hong Kong's economy had changed greatly from homogeneity in the early 20th century to diversified economy at the end of the 20th century. In the first half of the 20th century, re-export was the core of Hong Kong's economic development. Hong Kong was responsible for the re-exports of goods from China and other countries. At that time, there were frequent entries and exit of vessels in Hong Kong. In 1927, there was a record of 29,052 vessels entering and leaving Hong Kong. It brought the total tonnage of ships up to about 37 million tons. On the contrary, the development of other industries in Hong Kong was weak. For example, in terms of industry, locally manufactured goods were accounted for only 10% of the total exports by 1950, showing that Hong Kong's economy was a single product industry during this period with a dominated entrepot trade. However, by the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had experienced industrial development in the 1950s and 1960s, coupled with the further development of the financial industry and service industries, Hong Kong's economy transformed into a diversified-economy model. For example, for the financial industry, Hong Kong was known as the world's third largest financial centre世界第三大金融中心 after New York and London. In terms of tourism, Hong Kong also has a reputation as shopping paradise購物天堂. At the same time, there were development in re-export and industry. For instance, the re-export of Hong Kong Airport ranked the third at the end of the 20th century with booming development. In contrast, in terms of economic structure, Hong Kong's economy was monopolized in the early 20tth century with a focus on re-export while other industries remained weak. By the end of the 20th century, the economy of Hong Kong had successfully transformed into a diversified economy. With the flourishing of entrepot trade, financial services, tourism and industry, Hong Kong changed from its single economy model in the early 20th century. It shows obvious differences in the two periods.
Socially, Hong Kong transformed from a cultural desert in the early 20th century to a cultural capital at the end of the 20th century showing an obvious difference. In the early 20th century, there was backwardness in the culture of Hong Kong and known as the "cultural desert文化沙漠". Due to the backward development of the local economy at that time, most of the population were the lower class. Most of them engaged in manual work with low level of education. As a result, there was a lack of local cultural creation. Most of the cultures in Hong Kong were affected by foreign cultures such as Chinese Cantonese opera and Western classical music. However, with the gradual development of Hong Kong's economy and increasing education level after the Second World War, as well as many cultural creators who fled from China to Hong Kong due to the communist rule, Hong Kong's cultural development flourished. As a result, Hong Kong's culture developed drastically at the end of the 20th century. In terms of music, the Cantonese songs became more popular, such as "Broad Sky海闊天空" and "Ban Jin Ba Liang半斤八兩”. In terms of film, Hong Kong films were the pioneers of Chinese films in the global film industry. Examples are the Bruce Lee李小龍 Kung Fu movies in the 1970s and Stephen Chow’s周星馳 comedy in the 1990s which are popular all over the world. Different kinds of cultures flourished in Hong Kong. In comparison, in terms of cultural development, there was a lack of cultural creation at the start of the 20th century and known as cultural desert. However, by the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had transformed into a place with various local creations and even affected the cultural development in the neighbouring areas. It can show that there were significant differences in the two periods.
From the above, there were drastic changes in Hong Kong in aspects such as political, economic and social. However, there was nearly no difference regarding the relationship with China.
Regarding the relationship between China and Hong Kong, Hong Kong maintained close relationship with China in both late and early 20th centuries with no significant difference. At the beginning of the 20th century, the relationship between Hong Kong and China was already very close. Politically, Hong Kong was the base for the revolutionaries before the 1911 Revolution. For example, in 1895, Sun Yat-sen established the Xing Zhong Hui興中會Headquarters in Hong Kong. Economically, Hong Kong is an important entrepot between China and foreign countries. In addition, the labour supply in Hong Kong was also affected by the Chinese political factors. For example, the Seamen’s Strike海員大罷工 of 1922 in Hong Kong was supported by the Guangzhou government. It shows the close relationship between Hong Kong and China. By the end of the 20th century, the relationship between China and Hong Kong was still close. Although there was reduced contact between Hong Kong and China due to the Cold War between 1950 and 1970, the relationship between China and Hong Kong were close again due to the Reform and Opening Up in 1978 and the return of Hong Kong’s sovereignty to China. In terms of political aspect, Hong Kong returned to China in 1997 and officially became a special administrative region特別行政區 of China. Economically, many Hong Kong factories moved to mainland while many Chinese enterprises went Hong Kong to raise capital集資. There was frequent contact between Chinese and Hong Kong economy and they influenced each other seriously. In comparison, regarding the relationship between China and Hong Kong, Hong Kong maintained close relationship with China in the 20th century all the time. No major changes have taken place in political, economic and other fields since the two sides have had mutual influence and active exchanges. There was no difference in the two periods.
Generally, although there were limited changes regarding the relationship with China, there are significant changes in terms of political, economic and social. This made Hong Kong to become an international city from a small entrepot. Hence, the two periods were different to a large extent.
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