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探討1945年後英國在香港的統治的主要政治特徵。
背景 於二次大戰後，隨著新中國的成立、香港人口劇增及世界非殖民地化浪潮的發展，英國改變過往在香港的高壓統治，使政治上的管治特徵出現轉變。 // 架構大體而言，代議政制的擴展、華人地位的不斷提高、公務員本地化的持續、政黨發展愈趨成熟、市民參與度的提昇、公共服務的全面發展就是1945年後港英政府統治香港的主要政治特徵。
主旨句其一，代議政制的擴展是1945年後英國在香港統治的特徵。 // 段落內容 港英政府在1945年後逐步取消市政局、區議會及立法局的官守和委任議席，並不斷增加民選的議席及比例。例如，在市政局方面，1973年已經取消所有官守議席，改為全部的民選議席。此外，1982年舉行了首次的區議會選舉，及後更先後於1985及1994年取消全部官守議席及委任議席，使區議會議員完全由人民投票所選出。再者，立法局方面的議席轉變更加能夠顯示出代議政制的發展，因立法會是政府的核心機構之一，但至《中英聯合聲明》(1984年)簽訂後，民選議席的數目和比例大幅提高，至1995年立法局的全部60席議席更改由直選產生，使政府的人民代表性大大得到提高。 // 小結可見，代議政制的擴展是二次大戰後香港政治的特徵之一。
其二，華人地位的不斷提高也是港英政府的統治特徵。華人參政的人數及層面不斷增加及提高，不但更多華人進入了行政、立法兩局，例如立法局方面，1966-74年間華人議員人數由10人增至23人，至於行政局方面的華人議員人數也於同期由11人增加至19人，顯示華人對於政治的參與得到提高。此外，至20世紀末，更有華人獲委任為司級官員，例如陳方安生(1993年)、曾蔭權(1995年)先後出任布政司及財政司。直至1997年，除港督及英軍司令外，大部分司級官員均為華人，成為政府領導班子。可見，1945年後，華人對於香港政治的參與及地位不斷得到提昇。
其三，公務員本地化的持續是二次大戰後港英政府統治的特色。於第二次大戰後，華人公務員的比例及人數不斷提高，在1952年，雖然本地公務員人數己達22,900人，約佔全部公務員人數的95.56%，但由於人口及行政機構日漸增加，港英政府因而聘請更多華人公務員，令到華人公務員人數日漸增加，至1990年，華人公務員人數增加至188,393人(佔98.68%)，反映公務員本地化的持續擴展。此外，華人政務官方面亦然，於1962年時華人政務官與外籍政務官人數分別為12及66人，約1：5.5的比例，但至1970年華人政務員的人數已增至40人，在1978年更進一步上升至91人，比例縮窄至1：1.25，反映愈來愈多華人任職政務官。可見，公務員本地化的持續是1945年後港英政府統治的特徵。
其四，政黨發展愈趨成熟是港英政府治下的政治特徵。隨著《中英聯合聲明》(1984年)的簽訂及代議政制的發展，令到部分華人精英開始籌組政黨，例如民建聯(1992年)、自由黨(1993年)等，以參加區議會及立法局等選舉。此外，更有政黨組成聯合力量，以壯大陣營及勢力，例如匯點與香港民主同盟於1994年合併為民主黨，匯聚民主力量。再者，工會組織也為參與政治以爭取勞工權益而轉化為政黨，例如工聯會及職工盟等，使政黨發展進入百花齊放、百家爭鳴的階段。可見，20世紀末政黨發展愈趨成熟是港英政府治下的政治特徵。
其五，市民參與度的提昇也是港英政府治下的政治特徵。二次大戰前，香港市民對於政治的參與程度有限，只有市政局具有有限度的民選成份，但自1960年代起，港英政府廣設諮詢機構，例如於1968年推行「民政處計劃」，把香港與九龍劃分為10個區域，在各區設立民政處以收集民意。加上，港英政府於1974年修訂《法定語文條例》，將中文列為官方語言，使市民能更方便地向政府表達意見，因此有助鼓勵市民對於政治的參與。再者，至區議會成立及革新市政局和立法局後，市民的投票權獲得大大提昇，令到市民對於政治的參與程度大大得到提高。可見，市民參與度的提昇是二次大戰後英國管治香港的政治特徵。
其六，公共服務的全面發展也是港英政府統治的政治特徵。隨著第二次世界大戰後香港的人口劇增，港英政府需要提供更多的公共服務以滿足人口需求，因此成立了大量法定公營機構，包括消費者委員會(1974)、九廣鐵路公司(1982)等，提供不同的需求予市民。此外，政府也於六七暴動(1967年)後致力改善民生福利，例如於1973年提出公共援助計劃，及後於1993年進一步將計劃更改為綜合社會保障援助計劃(綜援)，協助低收入人士。此外，政府又致力改善教育及屋房福利，例如於1978年推行九年免費教育及於1972年宣布推出「十年建屋計劃」，使香港的公共服務漸趨完善。可見，二次大戰後公共服務的全面發展是港英政府管治的特徵。
總括而言，英國在香港的統治在1945年後出現了轉變，使政治方面漸趨開放，及後在1997年回歸中國，落實了「一國兩制」及「港人治港」的主要原則。
Examine the main political features of British rule in Hong Kong after 1945.
With the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, rapid increase in population of Hong Kong and the trend of decolonization over the world after the Second World War, Britain changed its rule of coercion towards Hong Kong, which caused changes in political ruling features of Britain in Hong Kong. Generally speaking, the expansion of representative government, the continuous rising status of Chinese, the continuous localization of civil servants, the more mature development of political parties, the increase in political participation of citizens and the thorough development of public service were the main political features of British rule in Hong Kong after 1945.
Firstly, the expansion of representative government was one of the main political features of British rule in Hong Kong after 1945. The British government in Hong Kong gradually abolished the official seats and appointed seats in the Urban Council, the District Council and the Legislative Council since 1945, and continuously increased the number of elected seats and its ratio. For example, all official seats in the Urban Council市政局 were abolished in 1973 and they were all substituted by elected seats. Plus, first direct election was introduced to the District Board區議會in 1982. All official seats and appointed seats were abolished in 1985 and 1994 respectively, so that all members of the District Board were directly elected and chosen by people. Also, the change of seats in the Legislative Council立法局 could show the development of representative government even more, as it was one of the core government agencies. After the signing of Sino-British Joint Declaration中英聯合聲明(1984), the number of elected seats and its ratio greatly increased in the Legislative Council. Starting from 1995, all the 60 seats in the Legislative Council were directly elected, greatly raising the representativeness of the government. Therefore, the expansion of representative government was one of the political features of British rule in Hong Kong after the Second World War.
Secondly, the continuous rising status of Chinese was also one of the main political features of British rule in Hong Kong. The number of Chinese participating in politics and their level of participation increased continuously. Both the Legislative Council and the Executive Council absorbed more Chinese. For instance, the number of Chinese members in the Legislative Council立法局 increased from 10 to 23 in 1966-74; the number of Chinese members in the Executive Council also increased from 11 to 29 in the same period. It showed that the level of political participation of Chinese was increased. What’s more, there were Chinese being appointed as senior officials in the late 20th century. For example, Anson Chan陳方安生(1993) and Donald Tsang曾蔭權(1995) became the first Chinese Colonial Secretary and first Chinese Financial Secretary respectively. Until 1997, most of the senior officials in government, except governor and the Commander of British troops, were Chinese and they were taking up the ruling positions in the government. So, we can see that both the Chinese participation in politics and their status increased constantly.
Thirdly, the continuous localization of civil servants was one of the main political features of British rule in Hong Kong after the Second World War. The ratio and the number of Chinese civil servants constantly increased after the Second World War. Although the number of local civil servants reached 22,900 people in 1952, which accounted for 95.56% of the total number of civil servants, the British government continue to hire more Chinese civil servants because of the increase in both the population and administrative bodies. So the number of Chinese civil servants increased constantly. Until 1990, the number of Chinese civil servants reached 188,393 (accounted for 98.68% of the total), reflecting the continuous expansion of localization of civil servants. Also, the same situation applied for the Chinese administrative officers (AO). The number of Chinese AO and foreign AO was 12 and 66 respectively in 1962, in a ratio of 1:5.5. But until 1970, the number of Chinese AO reached 40, and it continued to increase to 91 in 1978. The aforementioned ratio narrowed to 1:1.25. It reflected that more and more Chinese became administrative officers (AO). Therefore, the continuous localization of civil servants was another political features of British rule in Hong Kong after 1945.
Fourthly, the more mature development of political parties was the political feature of British rule in Hong Kong. With the signing Sino-British Joint Declaration中英聯合聲明(1984) and the development of representative government, some Chinese elites stated to organize political parties, such as the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) 民建聯(1992) and the Liberal Party自由黨(1993), etc., to join the elections in the District Board and Legislative Council. Plus, there were even political parties integrating together so as to unite and strengthen its camp and power. For instance, the Meeting Point匯點 and the United Democrats of Hong Kong香港民主同盟 merged in 1994 to form the Democratic Party民主黨 so as to converge the democratic power. Furthermore, trade unions and organizations also participated in politics and turned into political parties in order to fight for labor rights, such as the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (HKFTU) 工聯會 and Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU) 職工盟, etc., making the development of political parties in Hong Kong enter the vivid and competitive era. Therefore, the more mature development of political parties in the late 20th century was the political feature of British rule in Hong Kong.
Fifthly, the increase in political participation of citizens was another political feature of British rule in Hong Kong. The level of political participation of citizens was limited before the Second World War, only the Urban Council had limited electoral elements. However, since 1960s, the British government set up advisory bodies broadly. For example, the City District Officer Scheme民政處計劃 was implemented in 1968. It divided Hong Kong Island and Kowloon into 10 districts, City District Offices were set up to collect public opinions. Also, the British government amended the Official Languages Ordinance法定語文條例 in 1974, which recognized Chinese as an official language. Citizens could therefore express their views to the government more conveniently and thus, encouraging the political participation of citizens. What’s more, citizens’ right to vote raised significantly after the establishment of the District Board區議會 and the innovation of the Urban Council and the Legislative Council, so the level of political participation of citizens increased drastically. Therefore, the increase in political participation of citizens was one of the political features of British rule in Hong Kong.
Sixthly, thorough development of public service was also the political feature of British rule in Hong Kong. With the rapid increase of population in Hong Kong after the Second World War, the British government needed to provide more public service in order to satisfy the needs of the population. Therefore, lots of statuory public bodies法定公營機構 were set up, including the Consumer Council消費者委員會(1974), the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation九廣鐵路公司(1982), etc., so as to provide different services to citizens. Moreover, the British government devoted to improve social services and welfare after the riot of 1967六七暴動. For instance, the Public Assistance Scheme公共援助計劃 was introduced in 1973. Later it was further changed to the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance綜合社會保障援助計劃 in 1993 to help low-income groups. Furthermore, the British government also made endeavors to improve education and housing welfare. For instance, the Nine-year Compulsory Education Scheme九年免費教育 was carried out in 1978, and Ten-year Housing Programme十年建屋計劃 was launched in 1972, improving the public service in Hong Kong. Therefore, the thorough development of public service after the Second World War was the political feature of British rule in Hong Kong.
To conclude, the British rule in Hong Kong started to change after 1945, making the political affairs of Hong Kong become more open. Moreover, the main principles “one country, two systems” and “Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong” were implemented after the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997.
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