以下內容乃K.W.Ho之補習教材，於課堂教授，內容乃配合K.W.Ho之答題方法及風格所製作，同時內容可能有錯誤之處以供在課堂上糾正。非補習學生在未有得到課堂教學的情況下錯誤使用，恕不負責，同學請敬請留意。
【Free】6000頁筆記及60份5**考卷免費使用：按此
Youtube教學：按此
_________________________________________________________________________
「第一次世界大戰爆發是由於『渴望開戰』。」你是否同意此說？試提出理據支持你的答案。
架構 第一次世界大戰前，歐洲各國關係緊張，奧匈、德國、法國、俄國和英國等列強均渴望開戰以撃潰敵對勢力，最終使第一次世界大戰在難以避免的情況底下爆發。 // 立場因此，題目所言確能成立。
主旨句 其一，第一次世界大戰是由於奧匈渴望開戰所致。 // 段落內容民族因素方面，奧匈帝國自19世紀中期開始面對嚴重的國內民族問題，多民族的特質使國內分離勢力膨漲，使奧匈急需要對外擴張以尋求民族光榮，以瓦解國內的分離勢力。然而，當時塞爾維亞也積極在巴爾幹擴張，與奧匈形成了難以避免的競爭。其中，波黑問題是最尖銳複雜。其中，奧匈在1908年已經不理俄、塞強烈反對，吞併了波黑。塞爾維亞的敵視態度對奧匈而言已經構成了必然存在的威脅，尤其是當塞爾維亞在兩次巴爾幹戰爭均獲勝後，勢力大增，奧匈有感必須要透過開戰以徹底擊潰塞爾維亞。因此，當1914年塞爾維亞極端民族主義份子刺殺奧匈皇儲斐迪南後，奧匈舉國憤怒，決意要開戰以教訓塞爾維亞，故向塞爾維亞開出極為苛刻的最後通牒。儘管塞爾維亞接受了大部分的條款，而歐洲各國亦認為塞爾維亞的回應是良好的，但奧匈仍然執意對塞爾維亞開戰，使奧塞戰爭在奧匈的宣戰底下爆發。 // 小結可見，奧匈執意開戰是導致一次大戰爆發的源頭。
其二，第一次世界大戰爆發是由於德國渴望開戰以瓦解協約國的威脅。殖民地因素方面，德國作為新興的強國，於1890年才開始實行「世界政策」，對外擴張殖民地。因此，德國希望透過開戰，以解放列強手中的殖民地。尤其是在1905年及1911年兩次摩洛哥危機中，德國均是受辱而回，使德國更加希望於戰爭中打敗協約國陣營，從而獲取更多的殖民地利益。同時，同盟因素方面，由於法國和俄國對德國的威脅日增，其中法國已經拉攏英、俄締結三國協約，並且一直伺機想報復普法戰爭(1870-71年)戰敗之辱；俄國則積極在巴爾幹擴張，威脅德、奧的勢力。因此，德國渴望開戰，在1914年塞拉耶佛危機中，不但開出「空白支票」支持奧匈，更加實行了施里芬計劃，以迅雷不及掩耳的速度攻打法國，希望能夠迅速在戰事上取得優勢。可見，德國渴望開戰以擊潰協約國勢力，致使一次大戰爆發。
其三，俄國渴望開戰使引致了一次大戰的爆發。民族因素方面，自1905年俄國在日俄戰爭中戰敗，再加上1908年於波斯尼亞危機中再度失勢，作為「斯拉夫民族的兄長」的俄國顏面盡失，希望透過強勢的外交以挽回民族光榮。此外，軍事因素方面，俄國一直希望在巴爾幹地區尋求「不凍港」，以建立海軍基地，但當時奧匈帝國在巴爾幹的勢力成為了俄國的最大障礙，故俄國對奧匈之戰已經是難以避免。加上，國內因素方面，俄國國內革命情緒高漲，沙皇希望透過對外開戰以轉移視線，團結全國力量以一致對抗外敵。在此情況下，俄國渴望開戰。因此，在1914年塞拉耶佛危機中，俄國堅定不移地支持塞爾維亞，甚至在奧塞戰爭爆發後，第一個國家實行總動員以支持塞爾維亞以攻打奧匈，希望透過開戰以重奪民族光榮，同時擴大在巴爾幹的勢力和轉移國內民眾的視線，最終使奧塞戰事在俄國的總動員下擴大。可見，俄國渴望開戰使一次大戰爆發。
其四，法國希望開戰以報復德國，使一次大戰爆發。民族因素方面，1871年德國於普法戰爭中擊敗法國，法國被迫簽喪權辱國的《法蘭福克條約》，加上德皇於法國凡爾賽宮加冕，令到法國有感受辱，希望發動戰爭以報復德國，一雪前恥。加上，殖民地因素方面，德國於20世紀初不斷干擾法國的殖民地勢力，例如於1905年及1911年德國挑起了兩次的摩洛哥危機，試圖挑戰法國對摩洛哥的掌控。法國極為憎恨德國，渴望開戰以徹底打敗德國，報普法戰爭之仇，並且避免德國再次侵擾法國的殖民地勢力。因此，法國一早拉攏盟友，先與俄國結盟(1894年)，再與英國締結協約(1904年)，試圖對抗德國。更甚，在塞拉耶佛危機(1914年)時，法國更想藉機開戰，其總統和總理訪問俄國，表示支持俄國以對抗德奧勢力，最終使俄國開戰信心大增，法國也因此而捲入戰爭。可見，法國渴望報復德國，使一次大戰爆發。
其五，第一次世界大戰也是基於英國渴望開戰的情況底下爆發。殖民地和軍事因素方面，一次大戰前，英國對德國的猜忌日益增加，尤其是自1890年以來，德國實行「世界政策」，不斷擴張殖民地和海軍，對英國的殖民地帝國和海軍地位造成了日益加劇的壓力。其中，德國於1907年繼英國之後研製出「無畏艦」，於同年第二次海牙裁軍會議中又堅拒裁減海軍，令英國猜忌日增，英國國內對德國憎恨情緒已經日益膨漲。在不斷增加的德國威脅底下，英國甚至乎進行反制措施，包括於1912年與法國簽訂《英法海軍協定》，規定英國海軍捍衛英倫海峽安全；法國海軍捍衛地中海安全。至塞拉耶佛危機(1914年)發生後，德國實行施里芬計劃繞道比利時以攻打法國，英國認為德國取得比利時後會取得針對自身的海軍基地，因此認為有必要開戰以取得戰爭先機，並且徹底摧毀德國海軍及殖民地勢力，以消除德國過往所帶來的威脅，最終使英國介入戰爭，使戰爭擴大化。
總括而言，第一次世界大戰的爆發是根源於奧匈、德、俄、法、英等國渴望開戰的情緒。儘管塞拉耶佛危機是有多次和解的時機，但各國執意開戰，使戰爭變得無可避免。因此，題目所言確能成立。
‘The First World War broke out because of the “eagerness to fight”.’ Do you agree? Justify your view.
Before the First World War, tension built up between European countries and powers such as Austria-Hungary, Germany, France, Russia and Britain were all eager to start a war to destroy their enemies. Consequently, the First World War broke out with inevitability. Therefore, what the question suggests is valid.
Firstly, the First World War was caused by Austria-Hungary’s eagerness to fight. In terms of the national factor, the Austro-Hungarian Empire had been confronted with critical domestic racial issues since the mid-19th century. Its multi-racial demographics led to the spread of separatist activities and this created an urgent need for foreign expansion in pursuit of national glory to cripple separatist movements. However, Serbia also went for expansion in the Balkans and they two inevitably got into competitions, the most intense of which was the Bosnia-Herzegovina problem波黑問題. In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina regardless of opposition from Russia and Serbia. The resulting hostile attitude of Serbia constituted explicit threat to Austria-Hungary, especially after Serbia won the two Balkan Wars兩次巴爾幹戰爭 and became more powerful. Austria-Hungary thus found it necessary to rout Serbia by military means. Therefore, when a Serbian extreme nationalist assassinated Austrian Archduke Ferdinand斐迪南 in 1914, there was nationwide outrage in Austria-Hungary. It decided to teach Serbia a lesson by military action and issued Serbia with an extremely harsh ultimatum最後通牒. Although Serbia accepted most of its terms and many European countries regarded it as a favourable response, Austria-Hungary insisted on declaring war on Serbia and caused the armed conflict between them. Therefore, Austria-Hungary’s eagerness to fight was a cause of World War I.
Secondly, the First World War was also caused by Germany’s eagerness to fight with a view to clearing threats from the Allies. In terms of the colonial factor, Germany, as an emerging power, adopted the ‘World Policy世界政策’ only after 1890 for colonial expansion. Therefore, it had to take over colonies from the powers by military means. After abject failures in the two Moroccan Crises兩次摩洛哥危機 of 1905 and 1911, Germany became more desperate for a victory over the Allied Powers in pursuit of greater colonial interests. Meanwhile, in terms of the alliance factor, with the increasing threat from Germany, France formed the Triple Entente三國協約 with Britain and Russia and sought to take revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War普法戰爭(1870-71), while Russia had aggressive expansion in the Balkans巴爾幹 that threatened the German and Austro-Hungarian influence there. Under these circumstances, Germany was eager to start a war. During the Sarajevo Incident塞拉耶佛危機 of 1914, it not only offered Austria-Hungary the ‘blank cheque空白支票’ but also executed the Schlieffen Plan施里芬計劃 in the hope of defeating France directly for an edge in the war. Therefore, Germany eagerness to fight against the Allied Powers also led to the First World War.
Thirdly, Russia’s eagerness to fight also led to the First World War. In terms of the national factor, suffering defeat in the Russo-Japanese War日俄戰爭 of 1905 and disappointing performance in the Bosnian Crisis of 1908, Russia lost its reputation as the big Slavic brother斯拉夫民族的兄長 and wanted to regain national glory with a hardline foreign policy. Also, in terms of the military factor, Russia always wanted to get a warm-water port不凍港 in the Balkans as naval base, and the Austro-Hungarian influence there became the largest obstacle to its plan. The war between these two countries was therefore almost inevitable. In addition, in terms of the internal factor, confronted with a strong revolutionary sentiment革命情緒 in the country, the Russian Emperor wanted to divert public attention to external conflicts by uniting the people against foreign enemies. For these reasons, Russia was eager to fight. During the Sarajevo Incident塞拉耶佛危機 of 1914, Russia provided unwavering support for Serbia and it even became the first to declare general mobilization總動員 to back Serbia against Austria-Hungary. Its eagerness to fight was driven by the desire for national glory as well as the need for greater influence in the Balkans and diversion of public attention. As a consequence, the war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary intensified after Russian general mobilization. It was clear that Russia’s eagerness to fight caused the First World War.
Furthermore, France was eager to fight in order to take revenge on Germany and this caused the First World War. In terms of the national factor, In 1871, Germany defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War普法戰爭. France was therefore forced to accept the humiliating Treaty of Frankfurt法蘭福克條約 and let the German Emperor be proclaimed in the Versailles Palace, suffering great humiliation. This gave France a desire for revenge by military means. In addition, in terms of the colonial factor, Germany repeatedly intruded into French colonies in the early 20th century as illustrated by the two Moroccan Crises兩次摩洛哥危機 of 1905 and 1911 as attempts to challenge French control over the place. With the fierce enmity towards Germany, France was eager to fight and crush Germany in revenge for its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and to prevent Germany from further intruding into French colonies. Therefore, France had formed an alliance with Russia (1894) and signed an entente with Britain (1904) against Germany at the early stage, and what was more, France wanted to take the occasion to start a war during the Sarajevo Incident塞拉耶佛危機(1914) with its President總統 and Chancellor總理 visiting Russia to show support for its fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary. This gave Russia great confidence of starting a war and got France involved in it. It was clear that France’s eagerness to take revenge on Germany led to the First World War.
Lastly, the First World War was also driven by Britain’s eagerness to fight. In terms of the colonial and military factors, before WW1, Britain became increasingly suspicious of Germany, especially after 1890 when Germany started the ‘World Policy世界政策’ and its colonial and naval expansion and became a threat to Britain’s colonial empire and naval prestige. Its suspicion kept growing as Germany built its first dreadnought無畏艦 in 1907 after Britain’s success and rejected the request for naval disarmament in the Second Hague Peace Conference第二次海牙裁軍會議 of the same year. Hatred towards Germany was mounting in the country. Faced with growing threat from Germany, Britain resorted to countermeasures, including the Anglo-French Naval Agreement英法海軍協定 of 1912 that guaranteed British protection of the English Channel英倫海峽 and French defense of the Mediterranean Sea地中海. When the Sarajevo Incident塞拉耶佛危機(1914) took place and Germany executed the Schlieffen Plan施里芬計劃 to attack France by travelling through Belgium比利時, Britain thought that German conquest of Belgium would lead to acts against its naval base and it was necessary to launch a preemptive attack and eliminate German naval and colonial influence in order to lift the threats it brought. This led to British intervention and enlarged the scale of the war.
In conclusion, the First World War broke out because of the eagerness to fight of Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Although there were several chances to settle the Sarajevo Incident peacefully, these countries were determined to fight and made the war inevitable. Therefore, what the question suggests is valid.
Comments