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解釋1945-80年間美﹑蘇兩國衝突的根源。
架構 冷戰期間，美﹑蘇兩國關係惡劣，互相敵視，更存有不少衝突。而雙方出現衝突則根源於意識形態的差異﹑互不信任﹑軍備競賽﹑軍事行動、處理戰後問題的分歧及兩國的勢力膨脹，以下將逐一探討。
主旨句 其一，意識形態差異為雙方衝突的根本因素。 // 段落內文由於美﹑蘇的意識形態各有不同，美國奉行資本主義制度，重視個人自由，實行選舉制度及自由市場，相反，蘇聯奉行共產主義制度，重視社會穩定多於個人自由，並且實行一黨專政及計劃經濟。由於兩國的意識形態上存有嚴重的分歧，導致雙方於國際事件上易生摩擦，成為衝突的根源，如1948年，美國希望在西德進行政治改革及貨幣改革時，蘇聯恐改革會影響其對東德的共產統治，故此強烈反對，更一度對西柏林進行封鎖，導致「柏林危機」(1948-49年)的出現，成為二次大戰後美、蘇兩次的首次正面衝突。 // 小結因此，意識形態的差異使雙方互相抗衡，終致危機及衝突的出現。
其二，互不信任也為美﹑蘇兩國衝突的根源。由於蘇聯認為美國等同盟國於二次大戰期間遲遲才開闢西邊戰線的目的是損耗其國力，而美國亦對蘇聯於二戰期間的乘機擴張深感猜忌，故使雙方互不相信。結果，在互不相信的情況底下，雙方派出間諜﹑偵察機等到敵國進行情報搜集，終加深雙方的敵對狀況，更導致衝突的出現，如1950年代末，兩國雖然有為緩和局勢作出嘗試，如1959年美﹑蘇兩國領導人鮮有地進行互訪。然而，卻基於不信任和猜忌，美國仍然派出U-2型偵察機對蘇聯的監視，導致1960年出現「U-2擊墜事件」，一架美國U-2偵察機在蘇聯境內被擊落，結果引來蘇聯的強烈指責，更導致美﹑蘇關係再次轉向惡劣，成為衝突的根源之一。可見，互不信任導致雙方出現摩擦，成為衝突的根源。
其三，軍備競賽成為雙方於此時期內衝突的根源。二戰後，美﹑蘇兩國均希望於軍事上取得優勢，故積極擴張軍備，造成惡性的軍備競賽，如蘇聯恐懼美國的原子彈而積極進行研究，終致1949年成功試爆原子彈。結果，美國為拉開核武備實力的差距，亦研發出氫氣彈(1952年)，軍備競賽的情況甚為激烈。更甚，惡性的軍備競賽使雙方作出針對性的軍事部署，如美國於1959年起於意大利及土耳其佈置「朱庇特」導彈，引起蘇聯的強烈不滿，使蘇聯於1962年於古巴建立導彈基地，終致「古巴導彈危機」的出現，大戰更因而一觸即發。雖然事件最終得到平息，然而，軍備競賽造成的影響無疑是美﹑蘇出現衝突的根源。
其四，美﹑蘇的侵略或軍事行動亦成為兩國衝突的要因之一。美﹑蘇兩國是超級強國，為了維持自身利益或攫取更多利益，兩國必要時會作出軍事行動，介入別國內政，如美國於1961年起派軍隊介入越戰﹑蘇聯於1979年入侵阿富汗等。然而，此等的軍事行動卻導致別國的不滿，因兩國均恐別國會因侵略行動而獲得大量利益，因此作出譴責或行動抗議，終致衝突出現，如美國於1965年大量增添軍隊到越南時，蘇聯作出強烈譴責，使雙方關係更加緊張。更甚，蘇聯於1979年入侵阿富汗時，美國國會更廢除原本與蘇聯簽訂的第二期限制戰略武器會議條約，亦於1980年聯同西方國家杯葛蘇聯舉行的莫斯科奧運會。因此，儘管美﹑蘇的軍事行動並未使雙方出現直接的危機，但就造成雙方出現摩擦，為此時期兩國衝突的原因之一。
其五，處理戰後問題的分歧亦成為美﹑蘇衝突的原因。二戰後期，美國和蘇聯於討論戰後安排上出現分歧，兩國均為了擴大或維護自身於決議中的利益而出現分歧，如於處理德國的問題上，美國等西方國家希望保持德國的統一，以有利貿易及經濟的發展，但蘇聯則認為強大和統一的德國對蘇聯西邊構成威脅，故反對。雙方於處理戰後問題的分歧更進一步惡化雙方關係，使衝突出現，如美﹑英﹑法希望統一其佔領區，並進行改革以助德國復甦，但則引來蘇聯的反對，更最終導致「柏林危機」(1948-49年)的出現。事後，戰後問題並未得到完滿解決，蘇聯更於1961年興建柏林圍牆，令美國嚴厲批評，使雙方出現摩擦，掀起新一輪的軍備競賽。因此，處理戰後問題的分歧亦是雙方於此時期衝突的原因。
總括而言，從上可見各個導致美﹑蘇於1945-80年間衝突的根源，使兩國於冷戰時期關係緊張，大戰更有一觸即發之勢。
Examine the major sources of conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union in the period 1945-80.
During the Cold War, the relationship between the US and USSR was poor. They were suspicious of each other. Their conflicts were originated in ideological differences, mutual distrust, armaments race, military action, disagreements on the post-war settlement and power expansion. This essay will explain them one by one.
Firstly, ideological differences led to conflicts. The US and USSR had different ideologies. The US adopted capitalism, emphasized personal freedom, adopted election system and free market. In contrast, the USSR adopted communism and believed social stability outweighed individualism. It also implemented one-party dictatorship and planned economy. Because of the ideological divergence, it caused friction easily in international affairs, thus leading to conflicts. For example, the US hoped to carry out political and monetary reforms in Western Germany西德(1948). However, the USSR was worried that the reforms would threaten the communist rule in Eastern Germany and therefore opposed it and blocked West Berlin. It led to the Berlin Crisis柏林危機(1948-49), which was the first direct conflict after WW2. Thus, ideological differences led to confrontation and conflicts.
Secondly, mutual distrust led to conflicts. The Allies such as the US opened western front in the late stage during WW2. The USSR thought that they hoped to reduce its national strength. Also, the US was suspicious of the expansion of the USSR during WW2. It led to mutual distrust. Consequently, under mutual distrust, the US and USSR sent spies and reconnaissance planes to gather intelligence. It led to hostile situation and conflicts. For example, in late 1950s, they tried to ease the hostile situation, such as the official visit between the US and USSR’s leaders (1959). However, because of mutual distrust and suspicions, the US still sent U-2 reconnaissance plane U-2型偵察機 to monitor the USSR, thus leading to the U-2 Incident U-2擊墜事件(1960). An American U-2 reconnaissance plane was shot down in the USSR. The USSR strongly criticized it and their relationship was worsened. It showed that mutual distrust led to friction and conflicts.
Thirdly, armaments race led to conflicts. After WW2, the US and USSR hoped to gain advantage in military. They actively expanded their military and led to a vicious circle of arms race. For example, the USSR was afraid of the atomic bomb of the US and therefore it actively conducted research. It successfully tested atomic bomb原子彈(1949). Consequently, the US invented hydrogen bomb氫氣彈(1952) in order to widen the gap of nuclear strength. The armaments race was fierce. Worse still, they implemented targeted military deployments owing to the vicious circle of arms race. For example, the US set up PGM-19 Jupiter「朱庇特」導彈in Italy意大利and Turkey土耳其 in 1959. It aroused the USSR discontent. The USSR therefore set up missile base in Cuba古巴(1962) and finally led to Cuban Missile Crisis古巴導彈危機. A large-scale of war nearly broke out. Although this crisis settled in the end, armaments race was undoubtedly a major factor in causing conflicts.
Fourthly, the invasions or military actions of the US and USSR led to conflicts. The US and USSR were superpowers. They carried out military actions to interfere other countries’ internal affairs in order to protect their interests and gain more advantages. For example, the US sent troops in Vietnam War越戰(1961) and the USSR invaded Afghanistan阿富汗(1979). However, these military actions led to other’s discontent since they worried that others would gain benefits through invasion. Thus, they opposed each other by criticism or actions which led to conflicts. For example, when the US sent troops to Vietnam (1965), the USSR strongly criticized it. It worsened their relationship. Worse still, when the USSR invaded Afghanistan (1979), the US abolished the SALT II第二期限制戰略武器會議條約 and unified Western countries to boycott Moscow Olympic莫斯科奧運會(1980). Thus, although the military actions of the US and USSR did not break out direct crisis, it caused friction and conflicts.
Fifthly, disagreements on the post-war settlement led to conflicts. In the later stage of the Second World War, the US and USSR had disagreements on post-war arrangements as both sides hoped to gain more interests from the settlement. Regarding Germany德國, Western countries hoped to unify Germany to foster trade and economic development; the USSR opposed as the unified and strong Germany would threaten the western boundary of USSR. Disagreements on the post-war settlement worsened their relationship and led to conflicts. For instance, the US, Britain and France hoped to unify their possessed zones and carry out reform in order to restore Germany. However, the USSR objected to it and led to Berlin Crisis柏林危機(1948-49). After that, post-war problems were not settled properly. The US strongly criticized the USSR which built the Berlin Wall柏林圍牆(1961). It caused friction between them and led to a new round armaments race. Thus, disagreements on the post-war settlement led to conflicts.
In conclusion, the above-mentioned factors led to conflicts between the US and USSR in 1945-80. Their relationship became hostile and a world war nearly broke out.
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