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1945-1991年間，美國的外交政策如何影響冷戰的發展？
架構 美國是冷戰期間資本主義陣營的領袖，其所採取的外交政策直接影響著冷戰的發展。以下，將會就美國在政治、經濟、社會及軍事方面相關的外交政策討論其如何影響著冷戰的惡化與緩和。
主旨句 其一，政治方面，美國拉攏盟友的政策使對抗出現，導致冷戰局勢的惡化。 // 政策為阻止共產主義的擴張，美國採取拉攏政策，嘗試在全球各地拉攏反共產主義的盟友，如於歐洲拉攏英﹑法﹑西德及意等國組成北約(1949年)，又於亞洲地區拉攏日本﹑台灣及南韓等國家圍堵中國，希望在外交上拉攏盟友，圍堵共產主義的擴張。 // 影響然而，此政策導致冷戰局勢的惡化，因在美國拉攏盟友的舉動引起了蘇聯等共產主義的猜忌，以致蘇聯於1955年建立華沙公約組織以對抗北約。此外，日本、台灣及南韓對中國、北韓等共產主義國家的圍堵也導致雙方關係長期處於惡劣境況，使冷戰局勢持續嚴峻。 // 小結可見，美國拉攏盟友的政策導致了兩大陣營的對峙，使冷戰關係惡化。
其二，經濟方面，美國的對外援助政策促使經濟上的對抗，使冷戰出現及惡化。惡劣的經濟環境有助共產主義爭取廣大低下階級的支持，因此，美國為圍堵及抗衡世界各地共產主義的擴張而採取對外援助政策，如於1948年提出「馬歇爾計劃」，向西歐國家提供130億美元，以協助重建西歐經濟。然而，美國的對外援助政策就導致了冷戰的出現及惡化，因美國於1947年提出「馬歇爾計劃」時就引起了蘇聯的猜疑，認為「馬歇爾計劃」是希望藉金錢政策以動搖蘇聯對東歐的控制，故於1947年開展了「莫洛托夫計劃」，並於「莫洛托夫計劃」完結後成立「經濟互助委員會」(1949)以繼續控制東歐的衛星國，最終使歐洲在經濟上出現分裂，並互相抗衡，使冷戰出現，並於往後持續在經濟上對抗。可見，美國在經濟上的對外援助政策使冷戰的出現及惡化。
其三，社會方面，美國的抵制及杯葛政策也促使冷戰的惡化。冷戰期間，當美國不滿共產主義國家的行動時，便可能會採取抵制及杯葛的政策，以示不滿，其中包括蘇聯於1979年入侵阿富汗後，美國國內就擱置了《第二階段限制戰略武器條約》的通過。及後，美國又於1980年率領西方國家杯葛由蘇聯舉辦的莫斯科奧運會，以此表示不滿蘇聯入侵阿富汗。然而，此政策就導致了冷戰的惡化，因在美國的抵制及杯葛行動後，蘇聯也進行反杯葛，其中最明顯的就是1984年蘇聯也聯同華沙公約成員國集體杯葛由美國舉行的洛杉磯奧運會，使兩大陣營關係再次走向惡化。可見，美國的抵制及杯葛政策惡化了冷戰期間兩大陣營的關係。
其四，軍事方面，美國在地區性戰爭的軍事介入政策也促使冷戰的惡化。於二次大戰後，全球各地出現了多次共產主義與資本主義派系的地區性戰爭，如希臘內戰(1944-49年)、中國內戰(1946-49年)、韓戰(1950-53年)及越戰(1961-75年)等，美國採取軍事介入的政策，於此等地區性戰爭時派出軍事專家或派軍協助受共產主義威脅的國家，包括於1950年透過聯合國的決議而出兵援助南韓；於1965年起大量派軍到越南支持南越，希望以軍事力量抗衡共產主義。然而，此政策導致冷戰期間兩大陣營的關係迅速惡化，因美國採取軍事介入的方式使戰爭擴大化，例如在中國於美軍介入韓戰後也派軍支持北韓，使局勢更趨嚴峻；蘇聯也於美國派兵到越南後強烈譴責，導致局勢惡化。可見，美軍在各地的地區性戰爭中採取軍事介入的政策大大導致了冷戰的惡化。
其五，軍事方面，美國對外的軍事佈署及戰略防禦政策也導致冷戰的惡化。冷戰期間，美與蘇聯的關係惡劣，美國視蘇聯為假想敵，並且進行軍事佈署，如在導彈佈署方面，美國1959年開始於意大利和土耳其佈置對準蘇聯的導彈，以確保於戰爭爆發時擁有先發制人的能力。此外，又於1983年提出「戰略防禦計劃」，與多國資本主義國家共同研發太空攔截導彈的技術。然而，美國對外的軍事佈署政策令蘇聯深感受到威脅，因此進行反佈署，於古巴建立導彈基地，以制衡美國的導彈佈署。結果，蘇聯在古巴的導彈佈署最終導致美國的強烈反對，激起「古巴導彈危機」(1962)，成為冷戰期間兩國最接近爆發戰爭的一次危機。及後，美國與其盟友的「戰略防禦計劃」也使雙方關係惡化，更掀起了新一輪的太空競賽。可見，美國對外的軍事佈署及戰略防禦政策導致了冷戰的惡化。
雖然美國於1945-91年間的外交政策大多造成了冷戰的惡化，但也不能忽視美國的外交政策也締造了冷戰的緩和出現。
政治方面，美國的對話及會議政策也有助緩和緊張的冷戰局勢。在冷戰時期，美國也有採取與共產主義國家對話及會議的政策，嘗試緩和冷戰的局勢，包括於1955年美、英、法與蘇聯等四國領袖於日內瓦舉行首腦會議；於1975年多個國家簽訂代表互相尊重的《赫爾辛基協定》；於1989年與戈巴卓夫舉行巴爾他會議等。美國願意與共產主義國家改善關係的政策使冷戰得到緩和，如1955年的日內瓦會議提出了「和平共存」的原則；及後1970年代更成為了冷戰的「低盪」時期，兩大陣營的關係大大得到改善。最終，冷戰的結束也是美、蘇在馬爾他會議攜手宣佈「把冷戰扔入地中海」而象徵結束。可見，美國與共產主義國家的對話及會議政策也有助冷戰的緩和及結束。
總括而言，美國於1945-91年間在政治、經濟、社會及軍事方面相關的外交政策導致了冷戰的出現及結束，也大大影響著冷戰期間國際局勢的發展。
How did the diplomatic policies of the United States affect the development of the Cold War in the period 1945-1991?
The US was the leader of the capitalist bloc during the Cold War. Its diplomatic policies directly affected the development of the Cold War. This essay will explain the diplomatic policies of the US in political, economic, social and military aspects and discuss how did these policies worsen and ease the situation of the Cold War.
Firstly, in political aspect, the US associated allies which led to hostility and worsened the situation. In order to prevent communism from spreading, the US adopted associated policy and tried to associate anti-communist allies. For example, the US formed the NATO北約(1949) with Britain, France, West Germany and Italy in Europe. It also associated Japan日本, Taiwan台灣 and South Korea南韓 to contain China in Asia. The US hoped to form diplomatic alliances in order to avoid communism spreading. However, this policy worsened the Cold War’s situation. Since the USSR was suspicious of the US associated policy, it formed the Warsaw Pact華沙公約組織(1955) to confront the NATO. Besides, because of the containment policy, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea had a poor relationship with China中國 and North Korea北韓. It made the situation become hostile. It showed that the policy of associate allies of the US led to confrontation and worsened relationship.
Secondly, in economic aspect, the US’s foreign aid policy caused economic confrontation, which worsened the situation of the Cold War. Communism gained popularity among lower income group easily under poor economic situation. Thus, the US adopted foreign aid policy in order to contain the spread of communism all over the world. For instance, it introduced the Marshall Plan馬歇爾計劃(1948) offering a loan of 13 billion to rebuild Western Europe’s economy. However, the US’s foreign aid policy worsened the situation of the Cold War. The USSR thought that the Marshall Plan threatened the USSR’s control over the Eastern European countries though monetary policy. Thus, the USSR was suspicious of the Marshall Plan and then introduced the Molotov Plan莫洛托夫計劃(1947) and established the Council for Mutual Assistance經濟互助委員會(1949) so as to control the Eastern European satellite states. Europe’s economy was split up and appeared confrontation, leading to the Cold War in the end. It showed that the US’s foreign aid worsened the situation of the Cold War.
Thirdly, in social aspect, the resist and boycott policy of the US worsened the Cold War. During the Cold War, when the US was dissatisfied with communist countries’ actions, it would adopt resist and boycott policy to show its discontent. For instance, when the USSR invaded Afghanistan阿富汗(1979), the US laid aside the adoption of the SALT II第二階段限制戰略武器條約 internally. Later, the US unified other Western countries to boycott the Moscow Olympic莫斯科奧運會 in a bid to show its discontent with the invasion of Afghanistan. However, this policy worsened the Cold War. After the US’s resist and boycott action, the USSR carried out anti-boycott movement. For example, the USSR unified other Warsaw Pact’s華沙公約 members to boycott the Los Angeles Olympic洛杉磯奧運會, which greatly affected relationship between the two blocs. It showed that the US’s resist and boycott policy worsened relationship between the two blocs.
Fourthly, in military aspect, the US’s military intervention policy in local wars worsened the Cold War. After WW2, there were several local wars between the communist bloc and capitalist bloc all over the world, including the Greek Civil War希臘內戰(1944-49), Chinese Civil War中國內戰(1946-49), Korean War韓戰(1950-53) and Vietnam War越戰(1961-75). The US adopted military intervention policy and sent military experts or army to assist countries which were under communist threat. For instance, the US sent army to assist South Korea through the UN’s resolution (1950) and support South Vietnam (1965) in order to confront communism. However, this policy worsened relationship between the two blocs since the military intervention policy of the US broadened the war scale. For example, after the US army had interfered in the Korean War, China sent troops to support North Korea as well. The situation became hostile. Moreover, after the US had sent troops to Vietnam, the USSR strongly criticized the US which increased the tension. It showed that the US army adopted military intervention policy in local wars worsening the Cold War.
Fifthly, in military aspect, the US foreign military deployment and strategic defense policy worsened the Cold War. During the Cold War, the US-USSR relations were poor. The US regarded the USSR as enemy and carried out military deployment. In terms of missile deployment, the US deployed missile which targeted the USSR in Italy意大利 and Turkey土耳其(1959) so as to have a pre-emptive ability in case of war. Furthermore, the US introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)戰略防禦計劃(1983) to investigate Interceptor missiles in space technology with other capitalist countries. However, the US’s military deployment policy threatened the USSR. Thus, the USSR carried out anti-deployment and set up missile base in Cuba古巴in order to confront the US’s strategic defense. As a result, the US strongly objected to the missile deployment of the USSR in Cuba, leading to the Cuban Missile Crisis古巴導彈危機(1962). This crisis brought them to the brink of war. Later, the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) further worsened the US-USSR relations and stated a new-round space race太空競賽. It showed that the US foreign military deployment and strategic defense policy worsened the Cold War.
Undoubtedly, most of the diplomatic policies of the US worsened the Cold War in 1945-91. However, it facilitated the emergence of détente period as well.
In political aspect, the US’s dialogue and meetings policy helped to ease the hostile situation during the Cold War. During the Cold War, the US tried to ease hostile relationship with communist countries through dialogue and meetings. For example, the presidents of the US, Britain, France and the USSR held summit meeting in Geneva日內瓦首腦會議(1955). Several countries signed the Helsinki Agreement赫爾辛基協定(1975) which represented mutual respect. Gorbachev held the Malta Conference巴爾他會議(1989). The US agreed to improve relationship with other communist countries, easing the hostile situation. For instance, the Geneva Conference (1955) proposed the principle of “peaceful coexistence” 和平共存. Later, it appeared the détente低盪 period in 1970s. The relationship between the two blocs improved a lot. In the end, the US and USSR declared “the Cold War will be dumped down to the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea” 把冷戰扔入地中海 in the Malta Conference which marked the end of the Cold War. It showed that the dialogue and meetings policy of the US and other communist countries successfully ended the Cold War.
In conclusion, the diplomatic policies of the US in political, economic, social and military aspects in the period 1945-1991 led to the start and end of the Cold War. Also, it greatly affected the development of the international situation during the Cold War.
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